Palm wine as a food-based bait for monitoring adult Ceratitis ditissima (Munro) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus orchards

Tephritid fruit flies, including Ceratitis ditissima, often invade citrus orchards. These flies cause economic losses to farmers and can prevent from exporting their fruits foreign markets. To detect the presence of in orchards, traps are baited with synthetic lures, which expensive for smallholder farmers. Farmers developing or financially less-endowed countries have import such baits, raising cost pest monitoring control. Therefore, we evaluated potential palm wine three other food-based mixtures trapping C. ditissima proportion non-target they trap. Transparent deli cup were four different namely wine, sugarcane spirit-wine mixture, apple cider vinegar yeast-sugar mixture. The placed within a orchard on fruit-bearing trees. content each trap was collected after one week evaluated. This repeated eight consecutive weeks. Traps captured more than those baits. Furthermore, insects, Bactrocera dorsalis Drosophila spp., wine-baited less traps. study indicates that cheap beverage across Africa, Asia South America, could be used monitor Smallholder who cannot afford baits make use farms.